Summary

Hatshepsut regnò sull’Egitto come faraone per circa 21 anni, intorno al 1479–1458 a.C., una delle pochissime donne a portare quel titolo. Figlia e vedova di re, governò prima per il giovane figliastro Thutmose III, poi si fece incoronare re. Il suo regno fu pacifico e prospero: inviò una celebre spedizione commerciale nella terra di Punt e costruì alcuni dei monumenti più belli d’Egitto, soprattutto il suo tempio a terrazze di Deir el-Bahari, a Luxor. Vent’anni dopo la sua morte le sue immagini furono colpite, e fu quasi dimenticata fino all’Ottocento.

Chi era Hatshepsut?

Hatshepsut, il cui nome significa “la prima tra le nobili donne”, era figlia del re Thutmose I e della sua sposa principale, la regina Ahmose, nella XVIII dinastia. Come era comune nella famiglia reale, sposò il fratellastro, che divenne Thutmose II. Ebbero una figlia, Neferura, ma nessun figlio maschio.

Quando Thutmose II morì giovane, intorno al 1479 a.C., l’erede era un bambino piccolo, Thutmose III, suo figlio avuto da una sposa secondaria di nome Iset. Hatshepsut, come regina più anziana, governò per lui come reggente.

Da regina a re

In circa sette anni Hatshepsut fece un passo che quasi nessuna donna aveva fatto prima: si fece incoronare re, con tutti i titoli reali e il nome di trono Maatkara, “La verità è l’anima di Ra”. Thutmose III non fu deposto; restò coreggente, ma in secondo piano.

La regalità egizia era una carica maschile, quindi le sue immagini ufficiali la mostrano via via come un re uomo, con il gonnellino, il petto nudo, il copricapo reale e la barba posticcia. Le iscrizioni però usano ancora spesso la grammatica femminile per lei. Per giustificare il suo regno fece scolpire nel tempio la storia della sua nascita divina, che mostra il dio Amon che visita sua madre con l’aspetto di Thutmose I, facendo di Hatshepsut la figlia del dio stesso. Leggete di più sulle donne d’Egitto in le donne nell’antico Egitto.

Senenmut, il suo braccio destro

Il funzionario più fidato di Hatshepsut era Senenmut, un uomo di umili origini che divenne amministratore dei beni della regina, precettore della figlia Neferura e, probabilmente, l’architetto del suo grande tempio. Di lui si conservano più statue che di quasi ogni altro egizio non reale, molte delle quali lo mostrano con in braccio la piccola principessa. La sua vicinanza alla regina ha alimentato infinite congetture, ma le prove ci dicono solo che godeva di una fiducia straordinaria.

La spedizione a Punt

Intorno al nono anno di regno, Hatshepsut inviò una flotta lungo il Mar Rosso fino a Punt, una terra famosa per l’incenso, probabilmente sulla costa delle odierne Eritrea o Sudan. Le navi tornarono con alberi di mirra in ceste da piantare davanti al suo tempio, ebano, avorio, oro, babbuini e pelli di leopardo. Tutto il viaggio è scolpito sulle pareti del suo tempio di Deir el-Bahari, compresa la regina di Punt e il suo villaggio di case su palafitte. Leggete come l’Egitto commerciava con il mondo in l’economia e il commercio dell’antico Egitto.

Il suo tempio di Deir el-Bahari

Il suo tempio di Deir el-Bahari

Il tempio funerario di Hatshepsut, Djeser-Djeseru, “il Sublime dei Sublimi”, sale in tre grandi terrazze contro le scogliere della riva ovest di Luxor, accanto al tempio più antico di Mentuhotep II che lo ispirò. Collegato da lunghe rampe e circondato da colonnati, è uno degli edifici più spettacolari del mondo antico. Da non perdere i rilievi di Punt, il colonnato della nascita divina, le cappelle di Hathor e di Anubi con i colori originali e le statue della regina come Osiride sulla terrazza superiore.

Trovate biglietti, orari e cosa vedere nella pagina del tempio di Hatshepsut, e visitatelo con un egittologo nella nostra escursione sulla riva ovest di Luxor, insieme alla Valle dei Re.

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Obelischi e altri monumenti

  • Karnak: per il suo giubileo innalzò una coppia di obelischi di granito rosso a Karnak. Uno è ancora in piedi, alto quasi 30 metri, il più alto obelisco eretto in Egitto. Costruì anche la Cappella Rossa, un santuario per la barca sacra di Amon, oggi ricostruita nel Museo all’aperto di Karnak.
  • Assuan: il gigantesco obelisco incompiuto nelle cave di granito si data di solito al suo regno. Si spaccò durante la lavorazione e fu abbandonato nella roccia.
  • Speos Artemidos: un tempio scavato nella roccia vicino a Beni Hasan, nel Medio Egitto, dove la regina sostenne di aver restaurato i templi danneggiati al tempo degli Hyksos.

Perché le sue immagini furono cancellate?

Hatshepsut morì intorno al 1458 a.C., e Thutmose III regnò poi da solo per più di 30 anni come uno dei più grandi re guerrieri d’Egitto. Verso la fine del suo regno, circa 20 anni dopo la morte di lei, le sue immagini e i suoi nomi da re furono scalpellati da molti monumenti, le sue statue fatte a pezzi e gettate in fosse, e i suoi obelischi di Karnak murati.

Un tempo si pensava fosse la vendetta di un figliastro che la odiava. Poiché avvenne tanto tempo dopo la sua morte, oggi la maggior parte degli egittologi vede un motivo politico: un re donna non rientrava nell’ordine tradizionale, e Thutmose III potrebbe aver voluto assicurare il trono al proprio figlio, Amenhotep II, cancellando dai documenti una linea reale rivale. Le sue immagini come regina furono spesso lasciate intatte.

La tomba e la mummia di Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut si preparò una tomba nella Valle dei Re (KV20), dove il suo sarcofago di quarzite fu trovato vuoto. La sua mummia restò perduta per più di un secolo. Nel 2007 gli archeologi egiziani annunciarono che una mummia femminile non identificata di una piccola tomba della valle (KV60) era Hatshepsut: un dente trovato in una scatola con il suo nome combaciava con un vuoto nella mascella della mummia. Dalla Parata d’oro dei Faraoni del 2021 riposa nella Sala delle Mummie Reali del Museo Nazionale della Civiltà Egizia. Leggete di più in le mummie egizie e i sarcofagi.

Dove vedere Hatshepsut oggi

DoveCosa vedere
Tempio di Hatshepsut, LuxorIl tempio a terrazze, i rilievi di Punt e della nascita divina
KarnakIl suo obelisco in piedi e la Cappella Rossa
Obelisco incompiuto, AssuanIl gigante spaccato del suo regno
NMEC, CairoLa sua mummia

Conoscete gli altri grandi sovrani nelle nostre guide ai faraoni egizi, ad Amenhotep III e alla regina Nefertari.

Hatshepsut: domande frequenti (FAQ)

Chi era Hatshepsut?

Una regina della XVIII dinastia che governò l’Egitto come faraone per circa 21 anni, intorno al 1479–1458 a.C.

Hatshepsut fu la prima donna faraone?

Non proprio: alcune donne, come Sobekneferu nella XII dinastia, regnarono prima di lei. Ma Hatshepsut fu la donna che portò quel titolo con più successo e più a lungo.

Perché Hatshepsut si vestiva da uomo?

La regalità era un ruolo maschile, quindi le sue immagini ufficiali seguivano l’immagine tradizionale del re, con il gonnellino e la barba posticcia, per mostrare che ricopriva la carica in pieno.

Dove si trova la mummia di Hatshepsut?

Nella Sala delle Mummie Reali del Museo Nazionale della Civiltà Egizia al Cairo; è stata identificata nel 2007.

Per cosa è famosa Hatshepsut?

Per aver regnato come donna faraone, per il suo tempio di Deir el-Bahari, per la spedizione commerciale a Punt e per i suoi obelischi di Karnak.

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Elfa Ágústsdóttir
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Top Class Egypt travel is the perfect name of this company!! I just arrived home 3 days ago from my second trip with Top Class Egypt Travel. Last summer it was 4 weeks and this summer it was 5 weeks and what an experience! I was in contact with Mahmoud and Amr in both of my trips, I know Emad was also very active behind the scenes in the planning, and everything was so easy and professional. I said what I wanted and they gave me so many options to choose from and came with amazing suggestions for me too. My trip wasn’t just about the temples, I wanted to experience the country and it’s people spiritually too so they knew exactly what I wanted and needed to see and explore. From Cairo throughout all Egypt and then back, I got to see and experience the most amazing places I’ve ever imagined and I know I will never be the same again 🙏🏻 To experience being in the desert in El Gouna and watch the sunset and see the stars in the sky and to sail and snorkel in the Red Sea, exploring the wonders of Mother Earth is something I will always treasure in my heart. Well, every experience I had in my journey is something precious to me. Even when I got food poisoning (absolutely my fault, I knew I wasn’t supposed to eat vegetables but forgot about it 🙈) on day two and Amr had to take me to the hospital! This sickness affected my hole trip and I had to change my schedule a lot because of that. Amr, Emad and Mahmoud were all in to make my experience the best and very patiently helped me make different memories than we had planned before and I can’t be happier with the solutions they came up with! 🥰 They had to put in a lot of work to change previous bookings and make new ones for me and it was never any problem for them. My wellness and experience was number one for them 🙏🏻 I was so supported and guided and not for a second felt I alone even though I was travelling alone and sick 🥰 I was so taken care of and felt so secure. My previous trip went all very smoothly and was perfect too (no sickness in that trip though 🤭) Every guide, driver, transportation, hotel, Nile cruise and the office was superb. To Amr, Emad and Mahmoud, I send all my best wishes and thank you’s to you with my highest recommendations for your wonderful company 🙏🏻 It matters so much to travel with a company that has your interests, experiences and wellbeing at heart and you never know what can happen in your journeys. The people behind Top Class Egypt Travel is that company! They are a part of my family now and I can’t wait to schedule my next adventure with them and meet my Egyptian family again soon! ❤️
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Kristján Friðri... S
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Couldn’t been a better tour I went on a two day trip to see the pyramids and all of the attractions around them, a mosque, and two egyptian museums and our tour guide Mohammad, or Super-Moe, was a great guide and made this tour amazing. I highly recommend Top Class Egypt Travel for anyone traveling to Egypt
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sperry2nyc
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What an Amazing Experience We had a most amazing two-week trip to Egypt! We were a family of 9. Amr Saladin of Top Class with the help of Mahmoud Nour tailored an unforgettable experience for us. We had very knowledgeable guides everywhere we went. Thank you to Ahmed Ali who was our guide for two days in Cairo. Mohammed Hasan, our private Egyptologist on the 4 night Nile Cruise was very knowledgeable and patient. Thank you Top Class! You are a Top Act and we highly recommend you!
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sperry2nyc
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Thank you Top Class Amr Saladin of Top Class with the help of Mahmoud Nour designed an amazing two week trip for our family of 9! We had wonderful guides in each place we visited. Ahmed Ali, our Egyptologist in Cairo is very knowledgeable and always cheerful. Special thanks to Mohammed Hasan, who was our Egyptologist down the Nile River cruise. He explained everything clearly and patiently! Thank you to Top Class for everything!
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Sharon McAdams
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Excellent Service Excellent service. We had a fantastic and memorable trip because of Top Class attention to detail. The guides we had were very knowledgeable and attentive.
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Amin J
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Memorable Egypt Experience - Beyond Expectation We booked a 15 Days tour of Egypt through Top Class Egypt Travel. We spent 8 days in Cairo and 7 days Nile Cruise from Luxor to Aswan and back covering all the historical sites. Mr. Amr Saladin accommodated our itinerary and made suggestions to make sure that our trip would be comfortable and memorable. .Thank you. On the site seeing trips, our Egyptologist guides Mr. Mohamed Sultan and Mr. Mohamed Hasan made our trip memorable. They were friendly, courteous, knowledgeable and professional. They made all the sites visits memorable with historical explanations. They took good care of us. Thank you. Overall we were very happy with the trip. Beyond expectation.
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karina r
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Spectacular The tour was absolutely amazing, definitely recommend. It was very educational, so many beautiful pictures for memories. Tour guide was very professional.
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Dawn M
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A Dream trip that came true!! Memories we will cherish foreverver I contacted Mahmoud after watching a trave bloggers video. Mahmoud created an itinerary that INCLUDED every place we wanted to see!!! Including Dendera. .... a site that two other travel companies told us was impossible to include!! Mahmoud arranged the itinerary to best fit my Son's dream, "must see places and best photo spots," all while taking into consideration my 6 year old granddaughter. Top Class Egypt Travels and Mahmoud, were quick to get back to me with any and all questions that I had. They had everything in place and I was assured of the itinerary, accommodations, cruise ship, guides, and transportation before I made a payment. This gave me Peace of mind: that everything was taken care of and if we had any questions we could contact them 24/7. This company really delivers what they promise. They stand by EXCELLENT customer service. The guides: Excellent guides that fit our family. The first guide in Cairo, Mohamed, was friendly, full of knowledge about the pyramids and local culture. It was a rainy day but he arranged our schedule so we avoided the rain!!! He taught us about history, culture,and politics, all in an easy to understand, interesting way. He also took time to take us to the best photo spots AND took great photos of us. We mentioned that our wall charger was missing from our luggage. At the end of the day, he surprised us by stopping back by with a charger! Above and beyond, our first day was amazing! In Luxor, we met up with our guide Hassan Ashor. We spent 6 days with him. He was EXCELLENT. He started out as our guide by the end of 6 days. We considered him as fanily. Hassan talked about history as if it were a story. He even captured our 6 year old attention ! She is still talking about Hassan and mummies! If we mentioned to Hassan that we needed something or wanted to see something, he rearranged our day to fit it in. When Mahmoud told me this was a custom tour, I didn't know we would truly be able to have that much flexibility! Hassan surprised us with a felucca ride and a horse with a carriage ride. Our 6 year old was ecstatic! We stayed out late the last two nights, having dinner and great conversation. The last night, our hearts broke as we said our goodbyes. Cario , before departure, we had Mr. Sultan. He was extremely knowledgeable. We went to the museum. I was worried it would be boring for our 6 year old, but he held her interest and kept us moving. Perfect for seeing the highlights and learning history! Afterwards, we headed to Coptic Cario. Extremely interesting and a great pace that fit my family perfectly. To finish the day, we stopped at the market for shopping, photos, and coffee. We could have talked for hours over coffee. We hated for day to end. Mahamond Sultan was fabulous. I talked to other fanilies that were touring at the same time we were and knew our experience with ALL the guides that Top Class Egypt Travel, provided was exceptional and not the norm of other travel agencies. We definitely had great guides, the perfect flexible itinerary and no waiting in lines at any place. VIP treatment. This is where Top Class Stands out. Excellent guides, customized itineraries and VIP treatment. Perfect for families or couples that wish to escape from large tour groups, to have a personal experience with getting to learn about Egypt. Transportation: Excellent private vans. They were extremely nice and clean. Drivers were experienced safe drivers, spoke English, always on time, kept our belongings safe, had water on hand, and kept the vehicles clean. We were extremely impressed. Domestic flights: The times were picked to take make the most of each day. We had transportation from flights to hotel and hotels to flights. Everything was arranged, and we didn't have to do anything! At no time were we left, not knowing what to do. A representative met us at the airport and took care of ALL paperwork. When one luggage was missing (held up at Heathrow), our representative Mahamond had the driver take us to the mall for clothing and the pharmacy. To top it all off, they tracked our luggage! It arrived safely the next day. Accommodations The hotels were the best of the best. The cruise was on the Mayfair. Absolutely the best cruise ship, excellent food, and exceptional staff. Again, a representative met us, took us to our hotels, and handled AĹL the paperwork. We had the VIP treatment from start to finish. Price: LESS than the other 2 major companies I contacted AND..... Top Class Egypt included MORE, more days, more places, a better ship, and a PRIVATE guide vs. group! I was shocked at the price. Affordable is an understatement. I broke down the price, and no other company could come close to it. Last but not least safety: We have visited many countries. Egypt was one of the places we felt extremely safe. Every Egyptian we met was friendly and kind to us. The culture there is welcoming and warm. If you have any fears, rest assured that Top Class Egypt is there for you 24/7. If we had any questions, they immeasurable responded. Guides and drivers are top notch. There is security everywhere we went and safety was never a concern for us. I can not say enough good things about Top Class Egypt, Mahmoud who planned our itinerary, the guides, the representatives, and the company. What started out as a wish list of places my son hoped to see but didn't think we would be able to,...Mahmoud made it happen!!!! During our trip,at the end of each day, my son would write about what we did... Each day was titled. "The best day of my life." 8 perfect days = perfect Dream vacation! Thank you, Mahmoud, Hassan Ashor, Mahomed, Mr. Sultan and Top Class Egypt Travel, for making this a trip of a lifetime and becoming lifelong friends. We won't be saying goodbye, we will be saying....until we meet again!
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Sayan D
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Most memorable trip ever!!!! The most precious item of childhood bucket list, Beautiful Egypt tour finally accomplished!!! Thanks to Top Class Egypt tours for making this happen and make our trip so memorable. A big thanks to our Egyptologist guides Mr. Mahmoud Sultan and Mr. Mohammed Hasan who made our time travel to ancient Egypt so exquisite!! Mr. Mahmoud Sultan guided us in Cairo and Alexandria. With him, we visited the ever-wonder Great Pyramids, museums, Coptic Cairo, Mohammed Ali Mosque in Cairo. In Alexandria we visited the Great library and the Citadel. Mr. Mahmoud Sultan is extremely knowledgeable, very caring, very thorough and precise in his description and a very nice company to be with. He can adeptly illustrate the great Egyptian civilization components to any amateur history-enthusiast. Mr. Mohammed Hasan took us in the Nile Cruise starting from Aswan to Luxor including Abu Simbel. Mr. Hasan walked us through the Philae temple, Abu Simbel, Kom Ombo, Edfu, Karnak Temple, Luxor temple and Valley of the Kings, Queens and Artisans in Luxor. Mr. Hasan is extremely eloquent and has an unique ability of storytelling which made us living the moments and experiencing a smooth surpass through the times of Great Pharaohs as well as Greco-Roman era of the ancient Egypt. Mr. Hasan often adds a tinge of humor in his description which makes the whole experience enjoyable. He describes every monuments with multiple perspectives of why, when, where, who and how in a very detailed logical fashion which always maintains the interest. From the arrangement point of view, Top Class Egypt Travel has taken great care of us in the whole trip. Excellent coordination, on time transport from all point A to point B, airport pick-up, hotel transfer, everything was impeccable. There was no waiting for a single thing, a wholesome experience was beautifully planned, gave back a very high value of trusting them. Many thanks to Mr. Amr Salah, the Chief, being all the time accessible through Whatsapp, supporting and accommodating us throughout and supervising to ensure everything goes right. I would highly recommend Top Class Egypt Travel to make the mission for Egypt memorable for the lifetime. Countless regards and compliments to the Egyptologists Mr. Mohammed Hasan and Mr. Mahmoud Sultan!!!
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Paul Ransley
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Excellent Seven Day Private Tour Overview We were referred to Top Class Egypt Travel by an Australian friend domiciled in the Middle East who visits Egypt regularly. Her recommendation was gold. Top Class is an extremely professional outfit. It made our visit easy, enjoyable, safe and highly rewarding. I have no hesitation recommending this company and its owners. Itinerary The company will create an itinerary designed specifically for your needs. We are an older couple and contacted the company from Australia by email with our wishlist. We had 7 days available and, from our research, a list of historic sites we wanted to visit in Cairo, Luxor, Aswan and Abu Simbel. We requested that Top Class provide us with domestic air fares, accommodation (except for Cairo where we would make our own arrangements) and a private vehicle with a driver and guide in each location. Our agent came back to us within a couple of days with an itinerary that absolutely met our needs and some additional options. Price Pricing was extremely competitive. We had previously consulted a foreign provider who required a $US400 deposit to create the itinerary and a total price which was three times that offered by Top Class. Service When we we landed in Cairo we were met in the arrivals area by the company's Cairo representative. He had already arranged out entry visas ($25 per person). He fast-tracked us through passport control and immigration and we were ready to collect our baggage within minutes of landing. No queues. Yes! That kind of service was standard for Top Class throughout our trip. We skipped the queue at just about every location we visited and at the end of each day we were advised that if we needed assistance someone would be available to help 24/7. On one ocassion we needed a vehicle and driver to meet a flight. This was provided at short notice without extra cost. Accommodation The hotels which Top Class booked for us in Luxor and Aswan were both 5-star (Steigenberger and Movinpick) and way above the standard of the so-called 5-star hotel we booked for ourselves in Cairo. We favoured the Cairo hotel because of a long standing club membership with the management chain. Unfortunately, we were charged exhorbitant prices for tired and run down rooms with no benefit gained from our previous association. I am confident that if I had left the arrangement of accommodation in Cairo to Top Class we would have paid less for much much better. Drivers and Guides We could not ask for anyone better to show us around. Our drivers were experienced and safe. Their vehicles were well maintained, comfortable and air-conditioned. Our guides were tertiary educated, excellent english speakers, pleasant, helpful and kind. We were fortunate to have the same driver and guide for our visits to Luxor, Aswan and Abu Simbel which contained the bulk of the monuments and temples we wanted to see. Our guide, Mohammed Hasan, has been guiding tourists of all nationalities for 20 years. He is an encyclopedia of ancient Egyption history, politics, religion and art. Thanks to Mohammed we received a deeper understanding of the meaning and significance of what we saw than we would have had we travelled alone. We were particularly pleased that on many ocassions he was able to ensure we visited some of the more popular monuments at times of least or minimal crowding. In Cairo, our guide Abdelselam Donia, was equally accomplished helping us to navigate the chaos of Cairo with relative ease and providing us with insight and understanding of the city and its culture. Safety We arrived in Egypt a fortnight after hostilities had erupted in Gaza, so like everybody else we had safety concerns. The truth is we never at anytime felt unsafe. Our guides and drivers ushered us quickly and easily through police and military road blocks and through the tight security at monuments allowing us to avoid any discomfort or issue. Last word Top Class Egypt Travel is one of the better travel agencies we have dealt with. We found them easy to communicate with, always willing to assist and always available when we needed them.