Egypt is home to many magnificent pyramids, but one of the most intriguing is the Meidum Pyramid. Located south of Cairo, this ancient structure stands as a transition between step pyramids and smooth-sided pyramids. Although partially collapsed, it remains a fascinating historical site that attracts visitors interested in Egypt’s rich past. In this article, we will explore the history, architecture, facts, location, nearby attractions, and reasons to visit the Meidum Pyramid.

The Meidum Pyramid was built by Pharaoh Sneferu, the first ruler of Egypt’s Fourth Dynasty, around 2600 BC. Sneferu is known for his ambitious pyramid projects, which played a crucial role in shaping pyramid construction techniques. He initially commissioned the Meidum Pyramid as a step pyramid, but later attempted to convert it into a true pyramid with smooth sides. Although the pyramid eventually suffered structural failures, Sneferu’s innovative designs paved the way for the later, more stable pyramids such as the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid in Dahshur.

The Meidum Pyramid is believed to have been built during the reign of Pharaoh Sneferu (c. 2600 BC), the founder of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Sneferu was one of the greatest pyramid builders, responsible for major advancements in pyramid construction. Initially, the Meidum Pyramid was designed as a step pyramid, similar to the earlier Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara. However, it was later modified to create smooth sides, making it one of the earliest attempts at a true pyramid.

Unfortunately, due to structural flaws in its design, the outer casing collapsed over time, leaving only the inner core standing. This partial collapse is why the Meidum Pyramid has its unique, incomplete appearance today.

The Meidum Pyramid originally had seven steps, which were later expanded to eight steps before being filled in to create a smooth, straight-sided pyramid. This transformation marked an important shift in pyramid-building techniques, influencing the design of later pyramids such as the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid at Dahshur.

Some key architectural features include:

• Height: Originally around 92 meters (302 feet), but now reduced due to collapse.
• Base: Approximately 144 meters (472 feet) on each side.
• Entrance: Located on the north side, leading to a descending passage.
• Burial Chamber: The pyramid contains an inner chamber, though no remains of Sneferu were found.
• Causeway and Mortuary Temple: Remains of a causeway and temple suggest that religious and burial practices were conducted here.

The collapse was likely due to structural design flaws and the use of unstable construction methods. Unlike later pyramids, which were built using horizontally laid blocks for better stability, the Meidum Pyramid's outer casing was added in a way that made it more vulnerable to shifting and erosion. The weight of the added smooth outer layers may have contributed to instability, leading to its eventual collapse. Additionally, some experts believe that a combination of poor foundation work and natural weathering over centuries further weakened the structure. The collapse may have occurred during or shortly after construction, or possibly in ancient times due to seismic activity or erosion.

Despite its partially collapsed state, the interior of the Meidum Pyramid remains accessible to visitors. The entrance is located on the north side, following the traditional alignment of Egyptian pyramids. A narrow descending passage leads to a small burial chamber, which is situated near the center of the structure. Unlike later pyramids, the chamber is relatively simple, with no elaborate decorations or inscriptions. The walls are made of limestone blocks, and wooden beams have been added in modern times to support the unstable structure. Archaeologists have not found any evidence of Sneferu’s burial inside, leading to speculation that the pyramid was either abandoned or robbed in ancient times. Exploring the inside provides a rare glimpse into early pyramid construction techniques and the evolution of burial practices in ancient Egypt.

• It is often called the “collapsed pyramid” due to its ruined state.
• The pyramid played a crucial role in the evolution of Egyptian pyramid construction.
• It was originally designed as a step pyramid before being converted into a smooth-sided one.
• Archaeologists believe that the collapse may have occurred during ancient times, possibly shortly after construction.
• Despite its collapse, the Meidum Pyramid is one of Egypt’s oldest pyramids still standing today.

The Meidum Pyramid is located about 100 km (62 miles) south of Cairo, near Beni Suef in Middle Egypt. The easiest way to visit is by hiring a private taxi, joining a guided tour from Cairo, or taking a train to Beni Suef and then a local taxi to the site. While visiting, tourists can explore several nearby attractions, including the Dahshur Pyramids, home to the famous Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid, both built by Sneferu. Another must-see site is the Saqqara Necropolis, where the Step Pyramid of Djoser stands as one of the earliest pyramids in history. Nature lovers can also visit the Faiyum Oasis, a picturesque desert oasis featuring ancient ruins, temples, and the beautiful Lake Qarun. For those interested in local culture, the city of Beni Suef offers a glimpse into rural Egyptian life with its archaeological sites and traditional atmosphere.

If you visit the Meidum Pyramid, there are several other historical sites nearby worth exploring:

• Dahshur Pyramids: Home to the famous Bent Pyramid and Red Pyramid, both built by Sneferu.
• Saqqara Necropolis: Features the Step Pyramid of Djoser, one of the earliest pyramids in history.
• Faiyum Oasis: A beautiful desert oasis with ancient ruins, temples, and the stunning Lake Qarun.
• Beni Suef: A lesser-known city with archaeological sites and a taste of rural Egyptian life.

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